Travoprost: Structure, Properties, Pharmacology, and Safety

Travoprost is a prostaglandin analog widely used to manage elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Its efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure and its strong safety profile make it a preferred treatment for many patients. This guide explores the structure, properties, pharmacology, uses, and safety of Travoprost.

1. Structure of Travoprost

The molecular structure of Travoprost underpins its ability to enhance aqueous humor outflow and lower intraocular pressure effectively.

2D Structure

Travoprost’s 2D structure consists of a prostaglandin F2α analog backbone with a unique isopropyl ester group that enhances its lipophilicity and stability, enabling efficient corneal penetration.

3D Structure

The 3D conformation of Travoprost reveals its ability to bind selectively to FP receptors in the ciliary muscle. This interaction increases the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral pathway.

2. Names and Identifiers

Travoprost is recognized under various names and identifiers in medical and pharmacological databases.

• IUPAC Name:
  Isopropyl (Z)-7-{(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(1E,3R)-3-hydroxy-4-phenoxybut-1-en-1-yl]cyclopentyl}hept-5-enoate
• Molecular Formula:
  C26H35O6
• Molecular Weight:
  432.56 g/mol
• CAS Registry Number:
  157283-68-6
• Synonyms:
  Travatan

3. Chemical and Physical Properties

The chemical and physical properties of Travoprost contribute to its effectiveness and stability as an ophthalmic medication.

4. Drug and Medication Information

Travoprost is primarily used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Formulations

• Ophthalmic Solution:
  • Available as 0.004% eye drops, often in both preserved and preservative-free formulations.

Mechanism of Action

Travoprost works by:

• Increasing Uveoscleral Outflow: Enhances the drainage of aqueous humor from the eye, reducing intraocular pressure.
• Targeting FP Receptors: Binds to prostaglandin receptors in the eye’s ciliary muscle, facilitating fluid outflow.

Dosage and Administration

• Recommended Dose:
  • Apply one drop to the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening.
    Avoid using more than once daily, as it may reduce its effectiveness.

5. Pharmacology and Biochemistry

Travoprost’s pharmacology highlights its role as a potent intraocular pressure-reducing agent.

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption:
  Rapidly absorbed through the cornea following topical administration.
• Onset of Action:
  Significant intraocular pressure reduction observed within 2 hours, with peak effects at 12 hours.
• Half-Life:
  Approximately 45 minutes in aqueous humor.
• Excretion:
  Primarily eliminated via urine as inactive metabolites.

Pharmacodynamics

Travoprost mimics the natural prostaglandin F2α, increasing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor and lowering intraocular pressure effectively.

6. Uses and Side Effects

Primary Uses

• Open-Angle Glaucoma:
  Reduces intraocular pressure to prevent optic nerve damage and vision loss.
• Ocular Hypertension:
  Lowers elevated intraocular pressure to minimize the risk of glaucoma.

Benefits

• Effective in reducing intraocular pressure with once-daily dosing.
• Available in preservative-free formulations for sensitive individuals.
• Minimal systemic absorption ensures a favorable safety profile.

Side Effects

Common side effects include:

• Eye redness or irritation.
• Increased pigmentation of the iris and eyelids.
• Eyelash growth or darkening.

Rare but serious side effects:

• Macular edema.
• Severe eye pain or vision changes.

Consult your doctor if side effects persist or worsen.

7. Safety and Hazards

Safety Profile

Travoprost is safe for most patients when used as directed. However:

• Contraindications: Not suitable for patients with hypersensitivity to Travoprost or its components.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Use with caution and only under medical supervision.

Handling Precautions

• Store at room temperature, away from moisture and direct sunlight.
• Avoid touching the dropper tip to prevent contamination.

Environmental Impact

Travoprost is biodegradable and poses minimal environmental risks when disposed of according to guidelines.