Latanoprostene Bunod: Structure, Properties, Pharmacology, and Safety

Latanoprostene Bunod is a dual-action prostaglandin analog widely used to manage glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It combines the benefits of enhanced uveoscleral outflow and improved trabecular meshwork function, making it a groundbreaking treatment in reducing intraocular pressure. This guide explores the structure, properties, pharmacology, uses, and safety of Latanoprostene Bunod.

1. Structure of Latanoprostene Bunod

The molecular structure of Latanoprostene Bunod explains its dual mechanism of action and its effectiveness in managing elevated intraocular pressure.

2D Structure

The 2D structure of Latanoprostene Bunod reveals its prostaglandin analog backbone, similar to latanoprost, with an added nitric oxide (NO)-donating moiety. This dual feature enhances aqueous humor outflow through multiple pathways.

3D Structure

The 3D conformation of Latanoprostene Bunod highlights its ability to interact with FP receptors and release nitric oxide, targeting both uveoscleral and trabecular outflow pathways effectively.

2. Names and Identifiers

Latanoprostene Bunod is documented under various names and identifiers in medical and pharmacological databases.

• IUPAC Name:
  Isopropyl (Z)-7-{(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentyl]cyclopentyl}hept-5-enoate nitric oxide donor
• Molecular Formula:
  C27H41NO8
• Molecular Weight:
  507.61 g/mol
• CAS Registry Number:
  1223415-07-3
• Synonyms:
  Vyzulta

3. Chemical and Physical Properties

The chemical and physical properties of Latanoprostene Bunod contribute to its dual action and therapeutic applications.

4. Drug and Medication Information

Latanoprostene Bunod is specifically designed to reduce intraocular pressure through dual mechanisms.

Formulations

• Ophthalmic Solution:
  • Available as 0.024% eye drops.

Mechanism of Action

Latanoprostene Bunod works by:

1. Increasing Uveoscleral Outflow: Similar to other prostaglandin analogs, it enhances the drainage of aqueous humor.
2. Improving Trabecular Meshwork Outflow: The nitric oxide donor relaxes the trabecular meshwork, further reducing intraocular pressure.

Dosage and Administration

• Recommended Dose:
  • One drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening.
    Avoid administering more than once daily, as it may reduce effectiveness.

5. Pharmacology and Biochemistry

Latanoprostene Bunod’s pharmacology underscores its innovative dual-action mechanism.

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption:
  Rapidly absorbed into ocular tissues after topical administration.
• Onset of Action:
  Begins reducing intraocular pressure within hours, with peak effects observed within 12 hours.
• Half-Life:
  ~1.5 hours in aqueous humor.
• Excretion:
  Primarily excreted via urine as inactive metabolites.

Pharmacodynamics

Latanoprostene Bunod improves aqueous humor outflow through both uveoscleral and trabecular pathways. The nitric oxide component enhances trabecular meshwork function, making it uniquely effective compared to single-action treatments.

6. Uses and Side Effects

Primary Uses

• Open-Angle Glaucoma:
  Prevents optic nerve damage by lowering intraocular pressure.
• Ocular Hypertension:
  Reduces elevated intraocular pressure to prevent progression to glaucoma.

Benefits

• Dual mechanism ensures more comprehensive intraocular pressure reduction.
• Proven efficacy with once-daily dosing.
• Minimal systemic absorption, ensuring a favorable safety profile.

Side Effects

Common side effects include:

• Eye redness or irritation.
• Increased pigmentation of the iris (may be permanent).
• Eyelash growth or thickening.

Rare but serious side effects:

• Swelling of the macula (macular edema).
• Severe eye pain or vision changes.

Consult your doctor if side effects persist or worsen.

7. Safety and Hazards

Safety Profile

Latanoprostene Bunod is safe for most patients when used as directed. However:

• Contraindications: Not suitable for patients with hypersensitivity to prostaglandins or nitric oxide donors.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Use with caution and only under medical supervision.

Chemical Safety

Handling Precautions

• Store in a refrigerator before opening; after opening, store at room temperature for up to 8 weeks.
• Avoid touching the dropper tip to prevent contamination.

Environmental Impact

Latanoprostene Bunod is biodegradable and poses minimal environmental risks when disposed of properly.